Effect of Social Media on the Umbrella Movement

Effect of Social Media on the umbrella MovementWong Wing ManWould the Umbrella Movement have occurred if hearty media platforms did not experience?IntroductionIn response to the NPCSC decision regarding the of import Executive electoral reform of HKSAR on 31 August 2014, both student-led groups the Scholarism and Hong Kong Federation of Students began boycotting class and protestationing out-of-door the government headquarters in Admiralty since late September. Benny Tai announced to join the students with the Occupy Central Movement, which had been suggested since 2012. This mass civil disobedience movement was named the Umbrella movement after the use of umbrellas by protestors to defend constabularys attempts of protest sites clearance using tear shoot a line. Before the perish clearance was correct by the police on 15 December, protest activities had been blossom forth across districts to Causeway Bay and Mongkok. Its scale was claimed to be the largest ever in the his tory of Hong Kong.With reflectivity of substantial use of amicable media platforms such as loving networking sites Facebook and chirp, Cyber-utopians believe that affable media platforms, which perform functions such as text messaging, photo sharing and social networking, are revolutionary tools that give rise to the Umbrella Movement. On the other hand, cyber-realists believe that social media platforms are only tools that facilitate mobilization of protestors, while social changes entail long term social and semi policy-making reforms (Morozov, 2011).This essay aims to argue from the perspective of cyber-realists that the Umbrella Movement was a resultant role of long term bm from political leaders. Social media was only a catalyst solely not a fundamental cause of the movement. The essay will justify that social media insurance coverage was not a prerequisite for the movement by addressing the real cause of the movement, and defining the function of social media as simpl y a complementary but not revolutionary tool.Causality amidst the Umbrella Movement and social media usagePre-existing social conditions for emergence of the Umbrella MovementThe notion that pop movements have occurred all around the globe before social media existed in the recent decade can be explained by the Modernization Theory and sentiment of relative deprivation. The former suggests that people would strive to overthrow and replace inadequate political institutions, while the latter explains the growth of social grievance when the gap between creation expectations and actual attainment widens (Lopes, 2014).In the context of the Umbrella Movement, it is the long term demand from local communities for a genuine universal proposition suffrage of the Chief Executive, as well as the shared grievance regarding the recent NPCSC decision on the formation of the nomination committee that triggered the occupying movements (Chan, 2014).Despite high correlation between frequency of social media usage and protest activities, Morozov (2011) believes that Arab Spring was fundamentally attributed to cyber-activism in the Middle East which had been evolving before mass demonstrations occurred in Tunisia and Egypt. He emphasizes that formation of online protest groups are not random events organized by random people. In fact, discussions on occupying central and civil disobedience movement had been continuing since 2012 among scholars and politicians led by Benny Tai. Student groups such as Scholarism were also experienced leaders which had been actively participated in demonstrations to strive against the government on issues such as civil education. Although social media played an important role in mobilizing young macrocosm to protest, the Umbrella Movement would remain leaderless without prior actions from political activists (Howard et al., 2011). Social media platforms were only tools for political leaders to organize protests.Politics-media-politics (PMP) pr incipleThe PMP principle suggests a three-phase process in which surge of social media usage during the Umbrella Movement was likely to be the result of increase in protest activities instead of a preceding factor (Wolfsfeld et al., 2013), while this change in media environment would at long last bring new kinetics to the political situation.Chronologically, protests in Admiralty broke out in the first phase was followed by increasing social media usage in the second phase, as the public turned to various channels for timely information at protest sites. For instance, onsite news was updated day and night on Facebook pages such as SocREC and VJMedia after polices first tear gas shot on 28 September. Downloads of Firechat, an application that allows instant messaging without Internet, increased by 460,000 times one calendar week after the first protest activity occurred outside the government headquarter, with fear of Internet blockade in nearby areas (Peterson, 2014).Moving towar ds the third phase, social media platforms step by step developed into a vital tool for disseminating information and organizing protest activities. It enhanced the scale and strengthened the impact of the Umbrella Movement. For example, 1.3 million messages posted in Twitter from 26 to 30 September made the Umbrella Movement the most heated issue among Tweets around the world (Lee, 2014), allowing protestors to bargain with the authority with support from world(prenominal) union.In the final stage, failure in sustaining the Umbrella Movement was fundamentally attributed to mass civil disobedience and occupying movements that provoke criticisms from the public due to long-period road gag rule and incompliance with the injunction order (Chan, 2014). These follow the PMP principle that social media was neither an initiator nor terminator of the movement. In other words, the Umbrella Movement would have occurred even without social media platforms, though might be at a smaller scale with limited influence.Role of social media as a complementary toolThe mobilisation Theory suggests that social media was essential for the Umbrella Movement in actualizing shared grievance into collective actions. Despite its prominent role, it is worth noting that social media was only a catalyst for the Umbrella Movement to grow and expand its influence. Without this complementary tool, the movement would still emerge with the pre-existing social conditions as described in the last section, though its scale and impact in striving for a genuine universal suffrage would be greatly reduced.3.1 To organize fragmented forces and form concretionSocial media allowed pro-protestor groups to go beyond limitations of traditional media and unite fragmented forces (Howard et al., 2011). Networking functions in social media platforms such as like and sharing functions in Facebook and hashtag function in Twitter or Instagram allowed people who share common goals and values to build solidari ty. It was particularly important to the Umbrella Movement because targeted participants of class boycott were the younger population who are the most frequent social media users. A larger-scale movement was thus created by involving segmented pro-protest forces to join the mass protest activities led by the two student groups.3.2 To provide new opportunities for creating social capitalSocial media provided new opportunities for pro-protestor groups to mobilize citizens by creating social capital, and for commoners to produce political content as if they were social elites (Howard et al., 2011). Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter became important channels for citizen journalists to broadcast stories that were not covered in mainstream media, for instance, injuries at protest sites caused by tear gas or polices violence. Violent response towards peaceful protestors generated sympathy from initially unengaged citizens (Dobson, 2001), mobilizing more angry people to go on streets and spread protest activities beyond the initial stronghold in Admiralty to new areas in Causeway Bay and Mongkok.3.3 To arouse international awarenessSocial media platforms such as Twitter allowed information about the Umbrella Movement to be disseminated rapidly across border through Internet. Major newspapers around the globe reported the protests in Hong Kong, whilst student leader Joshua Wong was selected as one of the most influential teens of 2014 by a world renowned magazine TIME (Campbell, 2015). Recognition from international community empowered protestors and exerted greater pressure on the government to defer clearance plans and agree on a meeting with student leaders on 21 October.ConclusionIn spite of the high correlation between frequency of social media usage and protest activities during the Umbrella Movement, one should be cautious when ancestry their causal relationship. Rejecting the notion regarding social media platforms being a prerequisite for th e Umbrella Movement, cyber-realists point out their reverse causality using the politics-media-politics principle. The principle emphasizes on the chronological order that it is protest activities in Admiralty that first emerged, causing increase in access to social media platforms for more timely and unreported information about the movement, and eventually creating new political dynamics with the changing media environment.Focusing on the first phase of the principle, protest activities emerged because of the pre-existing social demand for a genuine universal suffrage in local communities and common grievance regarding the NPCSC decision, as well as the prior discussion in organizing mass demonstrations and civil disobedience movements among political activists such as Scholarism and Benny Tai. Acting as a tool for mobilizing people and drawing international awareness, social media was only a catalyst to hold dear growth and expand influence of the movement. In other words, the U mbrella Movement would have occurred even social media platforms did not exist.(Word Count 1470)ReferenceCampbell, Charlie. (2015). Hong Kong Student loss leader Joshua Wong Questioned Over Pro-Democracy Protests. Retrieved from TIME website http//time.com/3671211/hong-kong-occupy-central-umbrella-revolution-joshua-wong-students-charged/Chan, Johannes. (2014). Hong Kongs Umbrella Movement. The Round Table The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs. 1036, 571-580, DOI10.1080/00358533.2014.985465Dobson, Charles. (2001). Social Movements A Summary of What Works. The Citizens Handbook A Guide to Building Community in Vancouver. Retrieved from http//www.vcn.bc.ca/citizens-handbookHoward, P.N., Duffy, A., Freelon, D., Hussain, M., Mari, W. Mazaid, M. (2011). Opening Closed Regimes What Was the Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring?. Project on Information Technology Political Islam. Retrieved from http//pitpi.org/index.php/2011/09/11/opening-closed-regimes-what-was-the-rol e-of-social-media-during-the-arab-spring/Lee, Danny. (2014). The role of social media in Occupy protests, on the ground and around the world. Retrieved from SCMP website http//www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1628305/role-social-media-occupy-protests-ground-and-around-worldLopes, A. R. (2014). The Impact of Social Media on Social Movements The New opportunity and Mobilizing Structure. Journal of Political Science Research. Creighton University. Retrieved from https//www.creighton.edu/fileadmin/user/CCAS/departments/PoliticalScience/Journal_of_Political_Research__JPR_/2014_JSP_papers/Lopes_JPR.pdfMorozov. Evgeny. (2011). Facebook and Twitter are just places revolutionaries go. Retrieved from The Guardian website http//www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/07/facebook-twitter-revolutionaries-cyber-utopiansPeterson, Andrea. (2014). Protesters in Hong Kong must weigh the promise and risks of mesh networking. Retrieved from The capital of the United States Post website http//www .washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/10/06/protesters-in-hong-kong-must-weigh-the-promise-and-risks-of-mesh-networking/Wolfsfeld, G., Segev, E. Sheafer, T. (2013). Social Media and the Arab Spring Politics Comes First. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 18(2) 115137. Doi 10.1177/1940161212471716

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Organic Food Environmental Sciences Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of original Food purlieual Sciences Essay constitutional Food is about the food ar planted and reared without either constituted non- entire pesticides, growth horm unitys, chemical substance repining, food irradiation, and genetic modifies, ingredient and no hydrogenated fats, which are directly related to increase the percentage of disease. Organic food contains besides seven most(prenominal) innocuous natural additives in seven thousand of artificial additive. Organic food has not been associated with any case of food intoxication in any year since the Centre for disease control Prevention record began. (RENEE ELLIOTT)Recently, Organic food is attracting consumer beca purpose of the non-chemical treated, fresh, and minimally processed food. Most of the natural work has to buy from the farmer or the grower, but now organic product is displayed in most of the supermarket and many of the smaller super market guard a few dedicated shelves for p opular organic item, much(prenominal) as organic fruit and vegetable, raw fucke sugar, soy sauce, raisin, stick noodles, rice, and as well organic baby formula which is milk powder for the baby.Due with the demand for organic food is increasing, there are many organic food are import from early(a) countries. However, consumer is unverbalised to understand or unsure the galosh of the import organic food, so the product labeling which is been certified organic and the certified organic is the still commission that consumer can know that the processed of product is organic. For the contrasting country have different organic certificate and rule organization to process the product, foreign federal of Organic factory farm Movement (IFOAM) is the worldwide organization for the organic movement and certificate outline, uniting more than 750 member organization in 116 countries, is laying the footing for the further development of organic husbandry and market worldwide, to br ing together the key player from all over the planet to facilitate trade in organic market.Interesting in organic food and farming in high usely due to the fact that people are better cognizant about nutrition, more have-to doe with about the surroundings and more cautious about the short term and long term effect of dieting on health than any time in past. Households knowledge about alternative culture are more apt(predicate) to purchase organic produce (Govindasamy and Italia, 1990) and those concerned about the environment are more likely to purchase organic apples (Loureiro et al., 2001). Those cardinal enjoy trying new product are more likely to purchase organic produce (Govindasamy and Italia, 1990). Therefore, organic market and organic farming have become a new trend around the world.Organic market-gardeningThe organic farming is to supply the trend that demand from the consumer of high quality, high nutrition value, and the safety product. And due with this market, organic farmer have to follow the system that had been develop. And organic farming is not for growing the organic product and also a system for the agro-ecosystem health government has introduced better farming practices to reduce the use of the chemical and harmful substances.What is organic farming? (CAC 2001)Organic agriculture is based on holistic production management systems which promote and enhance agro-ecosystem health, including bio-diversity, biological cycles, and speck biological to the use of off-farm inputs, taking into account that regional conditions require locally adapted systems. This is accomplished by apply, where possible, culture, biological and mechanical methods, as opposed to artificial materials, to fulfill any special function within the system. An organic production system is designed toEnhance biological diversity within the whole systemIncrease defacement biological activityMaintain long-term stigma fertilityRecycle waste of plant and animal or igin in recite to return nutrient to the land, thus minimizing the use of non-renewable resourceRely on renewable resources in locally organized agriculture systemPromote the heavy use smut, weewee and air well as minimizing all form of pollution that may result from agricultural practicesHandle agricultural product with tension on careful processing method on order to maintain the organic integrity and vital qualities of the product at all stagesBecome pull in on any existing farm through a period of conversion, the appropriate length of which is determined by site-specific factor such as the invoice of the land and the type of crops and livestock to be produced.Table 1.1 Organic FarmingSource Stephan, D. Anna, M.H Raffaele, Z., (2004) Organic Farming policies and Prospects1.2.1 The advantage of Organic farmingThe organic farming using a environmentally friendly method of farming that allow the cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock without damage to the farm as an ec osystem, including effects on smut, water supplies, biodiversity, or other surrounding natural resources. Besides that, organic farming is an ecological production management system to promote and enhance biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity, and hence improves the health and resilience of farming system. It is based on preventing and reducing use of off-farm inputs on management practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony. From there, it can servicing to balance productive farming activities are completely free of residues but all the method are used to minimize pollution from air, soil and water.In organic farming, that is number of methods are used to maintain soil fertility. Crop revolution, which ensures the crop, does not deplete the soil of the nutrients that it uses most and cover crops to nourish against soil erosion. The planting of special crops know as green manures that are plowed back into the soil to enrich it and the add ition of aged animal manures and plant wastes, also known as compost too the soil (Worthington, 2001).Figure1 Mean percent addition mineral capacitance in organic compare to conventionOrganic farming is not only to produce the plant and livestock to the consumer in the same time, organic farmer is also using a method to protect the environment to reduce the pollution from the other industry. The fertility management practice is the addition of organic matter to the soil from the plant and animal wastes, to preserve the soil structure and provide food for soil microorganisms. With these methods, soil nutrients are released slowly over time.1.2.2 Disadvantage of Organic farmingOrganic farming has a equitable system on plating and livestock, and come with many benefit but still suffer with few problemThe UN Environment program conducted a account and survey on organic farming in 2008, which concluded that farming by organic methods gives small yields when compare to accomplished fa rming methods.Danish Environment Protection Agency conducted a research and concluded that the organic farms which produce potatoes, recognised grass and sugar beet are barely producing half of the ingrained output produced by conventional farming, in the same area.Organic agriculture is hardly contributing to addressing the issue of global climate change. It does reduce CO2 run to a certain extent, but there is no dramatic contribution.Based on the problem, we can understand that conventional farming which is non-organic farming is processed with the chemical fertilizer the other growth horm ones, which is to give the plant or livestock growth rapidly and stronger therefore the grower can get more rotation on harvesting and make sure the plant and rear are good looking. And in the same time the conventional farming is damaging the environment with the chemical and those growth hormones.1.3 Non-organic farmingNon-organic farming can be defined as conventional farming, and convent ional farming is different with organic farming as we mention before. The processed of the Conventional farming is an indirectly way to pollution environment with the chemical fertilizer or the growth hormone. In America alone, the agriculture industry estimated to use over 800 million pounds of conventional pesticides each year, and globally over 160 million tons of conventional fertilizer each year. These engender the most harm to the environment (Om Organic, 2010). The chemical runoff from the fields has contamination surface and ground water, damage fisheries, and destroy freshwater ecosystem. It has also created growing asleep(predicate) zone in parts of oceans close to river mouth that drain agriculture regions.Conventional farming process on chemically grown food, there has been a pro ground upward trend in the incident of diseases associated with image to toxic chemical in in deutries societies. Organic food cantains fewer residues of pesticides used in conventional agric ulture, so buying organic is one way to reduce the chance that your food contains these pesticides (Sir John, 2003).Figure2 The pubic louse incidence rates in New southbound WalesThe Figure 2 shown that data on the number of new cancer cases in New South Wales, Australia has been collected by the New South Wales cardinal Cancer Registry. That between 1972 and 2004 the incidence of new cancer cases per year has risen from 323 to 488 per 100,000 people. This is an increase of over 50% in just 32 years.Women with breast cancer are five to nine times are likely to have pesticides residues in their blood than those who do not. 18 previous studies have shown that those with occupational exposure to pesticides have higher rates of cancer. 19 21 the apparent link between hormone dependent cancer, such are those of the breast and prostate, may be via endocrine disrupting chemicals compounds that artificially affect the hormone system such as 2.4D and Atrazine. The UK main scientific orga nization recommends that human exposure to EDCs (especially during pregnancy) should be minimized on grounds of prudence (The Royal Society)In addition, there are 500 chemicals that are routinely used in conventional farming but only 4 are permitted in organic farming. For example, Coxs apples can be sprayed up to 16 times with 36 different pesticides and many other these are hard to remove even if the fruit is washed (Soil Association UK, 2003)1.4 Benefit for Organic FoodOrganic food is process by a natural and safety system and it bring extra more nutrition to consumer, organic product is not bring the benefit for the consumer only and also come with the protection on the environment as well1.4.1 Organic product meets stringent criterionsAll organic animals are only fed with 100% pure vegetarian food and the diet should be solvent free. And also the organic meats are free from genetically modified organisms (GMO), so the organic produce is safe for consumption and can help to imp rove health (Spevack, 2002).Organic certificate is the public assurance that products have been grown and handle according to strict procedures without persistent toxic chemical inputs. When you see that a product has been Certified Organic by QAI (Quality Assurance International), you can rest assured that the product, its ingredients and the manufacturer have gone through a entire investigation (Nutiva, 2009)1.4.3 Taste better and truer FlavorThe research measured the effect of an organic had been done by Washington State University in Pullman, a conventional and an integrated apple production system on the sustainability indicators of horticultural performance, soil quality, orchard profitability, environmental quality and energy efficiency. Taste was measured three ways. mechanized analysis on fruit firmness at harvest and after six months storage was higher for organic that is two competitors. The ration of sugar content to acidity, an indication of sweetness, was higher amon g organic apples as well. These results were confirmed by the consumer taste tests (Natural Food Merchandiser, 2001). Plus the new research verifies that some organic produce is a great deal lower in nitrates and higher in antioxidants than conventional food.1.4.4 Nutrition and healthOrganic food comprises more nutritional benefit which compare with non-organic food. For instant, organic foods have higher level of vitamin C and essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, iron, chromium and others. Organic vegetable also contain higher levels (between 10% and 50%) of secondary nutrients such as antioxidants which help to mop up harmful free radicals implicated in cancer (Heaton, 2001). In a review of 41 studies from around the world, organic crops were shown to have statistically significant higher level of vitamin C, Magnesium, Iron and Phosphorus.Figure 3 Mean percent different for four nutrients in five oft studied vegetable (Worthington, 2001)For example, vitamin C is 17.0% mor e abundant in organic lettuce (conventional 100%, organic 117%)The result for nitrates and protein quality and quantity agreed with the German review, which found a lower nitrate content in organic vegetable in nearly all cases, and less protein but higher quality protein in organic cereal grains. In addition, the results for vitamin C are similar to those of the German review. The German report that half of the time the vitamin C content of organic and conventional crop was the same, and the other half of the time the vitamin C content was higher in the organic crop. Theses finding are consistent with higher average vitamin C content in the organic crop as found in this analysis (Worthington, 2001)Worldwide Certification System International federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM), GermanyInternational Federation of organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM), based in Germany, but active worldwide and it is the worldwide umbrella organization of the organic movement. Two inte rnational frameworks exist for evidence bodies and standard-setting organization for organic product the IFOAM Basic Standards (IBS), which were developed in the 1980s, and the Global Codex Alimentations standards, for which development began in 1999. IFOAM is an international federation that currently unites 771 member organizations in 108 member countries, which focus on general purposes, recommendations, introductory standards, and derogations (IFOAM, 2005).IFOAM is committed to understand the concept of organic agriculture accommodates different organic practices depending on different local or regional conditions such as different based on ecological, climatic, culture, traditional, technical, or culture genius. One part of IFOAM mission is leading, uniting and equivalency of organic movement in its full diversity. In addition, to facilities international equivalency of organic quality claim so that certificates issues by certifiers in one part of the world are immediately a ccepted in other part of the world, IFOAM established an accreditation program in 1992, which is managed by the International Organic Accreditations religious service (IOAS). IFOAM goal is the worldwide adoption of ecological, socially and economical sound system that are based on the Principles of Organic Agriculture.IFOAM Basic Standard (IBS) are elemental of the organic movement which adopted democratically and international. These standards should not be seen as a final statement, but rather as a work in progress to contribute to the continued development and adoption of organic practice throughout the world. The IBS are structure as standards for standard. IFOAM provide a framework for assay-mark bodies and standard-setting organization worldwide to develop their own more detailed certification standards which take into account specific local conditions. On the other hand, the Codex Alimentations standard provide and international agree framework for organic food moving inte rnational trade. Where a disagreement may occur between countries about the comparability of organic food, the codex guidelines can be used as a reference in trade disputes at the WTO level (IFOAM, 2004). For a few years, however, the codex guidelines did not cover animal husbandry, livestock standard were approved in 2001 each country is responsible for interpreting and implementing the rules, as well as enforcement, observe and inspection(Kilcher et al., 2004)All of the IFOAM Basic Standard are structuring based on variety general principle which are aids in maintain the quality ecosystem and nature conversation.Malaysia National Standards and Scheme of Organic Malaysia (SOM)As the development of organic farming is rapidly, the standard and certifications of farming system become more important. There are two standard for organic in Malaysia that one is initiative by government.In fact, Malaysia is implementing its certification program in year 2004 which initiated by the priv ate agency Organic Alliance Malaysia (OAM). The OAM standards follow the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) basic standard and norm which can apply into Malaysia situation. The certification will focus on processor, re-packer, and retailers. This certification is envisaged to complement the Department of Agriculture (DOA) certification program Sijil Organik Malaysia or also known as Scheme Organic Malaysia (SOM). This scheme was official launched on 9 December 2003 by the Minister of Agriculture.Two committees namely the steering committee and the certification committee have been established to oversee the implementation of this certification program, Scheme Organic Malaysia. While the steering committee is responsible for policy and program development, the decision to certify the applicant farm as organic or not lies with the certification committee. The Department of Agriculture is mandated by the Ministry of Agriculture to act as the certificati on body for this SOM program. Inspection officer of the certification body suffer out on-site visit to verify that the farm activities conform with the standard of the certification program and prepares report which form the basis for the certification decision.Malaysia Standard 15292001 The Production, Processing, Labeling and marketing of Plant-Based Organically Produced Foods is another standard which publish by Standard and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM). It is designed to achieve its purposed through a competent, independent and frank inspection and certification system for the entire chain of custody of the organic product. It is just guidelines and as foundation for develops DOA standard. Besides, it is does not deal with certification like applications programme and inspection process, use of organic mark, violation handing, but all these processes are covered in detail by SOM.European Countries National Standards and KRAV, SwedenIn most Europe countri es, private certifiers that have their own standards are legally obligated to certify producers to the EU Regulation if requested. In this case, the producer can use the EU label and member state label but not the private label of the certifier (Rundgren, 2002). In some countries, only one logos, and brands (Dabbert et al., 2004). Legally, if a producer or processor is certified by one of the EU-approved certification entities, certification should be valid in all EU member state.Some certification entities, insists on stricter standard than those of the EU legislation, which means that if the brand of the stricter certifier is strong in the marketplace, the producer or processor may find their customer insisting on that certifiers certification. Therefore, EU certification bodies have developed a tiered structure, where by not all EU certificates are acceptable to all certification bodies (Organic Trade Services, 2004).Sweden is one of the biggest countries in Europe and the climat e is favorable for farming, with cold winters that inhibit infestations of many crops pests. In 1995 Sweden became an EU member and consequently part of the Common Agriculture policy (CAP). With EU member ship in 1995, the Swedish Parliament introduced a new environmental program with various sub goals, such as support for preservation of landscapes and nature with particular cultural and environmental value, a general support for leys land and pasturage, and support for organic farming.Two private sector bodies are recognized by the government authorities to carry out inspection and certification that are KRAV and Svenska Demeterforbundet. The KRAV standards includes standard for crop and animal production, processing, textiles, retailing, catering, and importing. The KRAV label has a rattling strong position on the marker for organic food in Sweden, which is unusual for a private certification body. KRAV also works closely with Grolink AB, which specializers in consultancy work in developing countries, such as in establishing certifying organizations.KRAV is organized as an incorporated association with, at present, 26 members. They represent farmer, processors, trade and also consumer, environmental and animal welfare interests. KRAV is an active member active member of IFOAM and the KRAV standard is follow IFOAM basic standard. It takes an active part in developing the IFOAM basic standard and criteria. Besides, since Sweden is a member of the EU, this regulation is compulsory simply and regulates with the EU core standards (Council Regulation EEC 2092/91 on organic production of agriculture product and indications referring thereto on agriculture product and foodstuffs). Therefore, KRAV also work to influence the EU organic production legislation. (KRAV, 2000)

How to buy a car stereo :: essays research papers

Nearly everyone who has sat in traffic has noticed the mind numbing amounts of bass produced by rough gondola stereos. What most drivers arent aware of is how to buy a transcription of sub-woofers for their own car. The most noticeable feature of these systems is their price which is limited only by human imagination. The most basic understanding of how much these systems comprise, although varied by complexity and brand name, lies within the power of the components that comprise them.The power of a system is measured in watts. The more powerful the system, the more watts of electricity it is capable of receiving and transforming into auditory noise. Speakers designed for bass, or sub-woofers, range in power levels from 50 watts which butt joint hit 65 to 70 decibels, approximately as loud as traffic on a busy street. These smaller woofers, generally the 10 butt on or 12 inch variety, usually cost between $30 to $100 each. The largest woofers can handle several thousand watts reaching over cl decibels loud, as loud as a rocket engine. Powerhouse woofers which usually come in sizes of 12 inches, 13 inches, 15 inches, or larger, can cost from $80 to $1200 each. Some audio enthusiasts will choose to only install one woofer, although many choose to install more. Woofers are a great pose to start planning a mobile entertainment system, however the most important part for audio enthusiasts will be what powers them.The greatest cost in the stereo system will come from the amplifier or amplifiers depending on the size of the stereo. The tonal quality, or the accuracy of the signal-to-noise ratio for each particular vocaliser is primarily affected by these high tech electronics which in turn, affects the price. A a low wattage amplifier that lacks tonal quality can be purchased for as low as $150 each. High power amplifiers with the purest tonal quality would start at $450 and go up from there. How many amplifiers will be infallible to properly power the woofe rs depends entirely upon how many woofers are chosen to be installed into the mobile entertainment system.The final ingredient in completing a car stereo is to pick which type of enclosure to install the woofers in. These boxes are made of wood and are carpeted, generally costing around $150 to $250 for the basic setup. at that place are no major differences in cost, yet there are three major types of enclosures to choose from.

Charlies Attempt to Overcome the Past in Fitzgeralds Babylon Revisited :: Babylon Revisited Essays

Charlies Attempt to Overcome the Past in Fitzgeralds Babylon Revisited Babylon Revisited is made up of unlike characters with different ideologies in life. The Protagonist, Charlie is a reformed alcoholic who had come back to take his daughter. Marion is Charlies sister- in - law who dislikes him because she thinks he caused her sisters death. I think Marion is emotionally disturbed. She overacts to things that run across in everyday life. Lincoln is Marions husband .He tries to keep things as even as possible for Marion. Loraine and Duncan are ghosts from Charlies past and they came to haunt him at the end of the story.We are always being haunted by our past sins and Misdemeanors. Even when we have been reformed, it takes a similar incident or someone appearing from the past to cue us of what we were before. I think Charlie is a strong Character. He was able to reform himself and stop drinking. This shows that he is strong. His coming back for his daughter proves that he is consc ious(predicate) of his Civic responsibilities and he is ready to undertake them. There is a Strong hold fast between him and his daughter which is definitely a plus on his side.Charlies excursion to Paris to pick up his daughter reminds me of when I visited America. I stayed for one year before I went back for my Children. I had to get to know them again. I can relate to Charlie when he told Honoria I want to get to Know you (9).When you stay away from you children for sometime , you feel that they have grown so some(prenominal) and there is so much you dont know about them. Charlie had reasons to mistrust Marion .As Fitzgerald put it Charlie became increasingly alarmed at leaving Honoria in this atmosphere of hostility against himself earlier or later, it will come out in a word here, a shake of head there, and some of the distrust will be irrevocably implanted on Honoria(13). It is not easy to leave your child with some one who you Know definitely does not like you. The fathe r and Daughter bond is a strong bond and if it is destroyed at this early age it can become very difficult to restore it. Marion was very strongly bleached against Charlie.Marion was ready to give Honoria back to the father until the appearance of Duncan and Lorraine.

The Strange Career of Jim Crow Essay example -- Civil Rights Movement

The Strange Career of Jim gasC. Vann Woodwards book, The Strange Career of Jim tout, has been hailed as a book which shaped our views of the account of the Civil Rights Movement and of the American South. Martin Luther King, Jr. described the book as the historical Bible of the civil rights movement. The argument presented in The Strange Career of Jim Crow is that the Jim Crow laws were relatively new introductions to the South that occurred towards the turn of the century rather than immediately after the end of Reconstruction after the Civil War. Woodward examines personal accounts, opinions, and editorials from the periods as well as the laws in place at the times. He examines the political history behind the emergence of the Jim Crow laws. The Strange Career of Jim Crow gives a new insight into the history of the American South and the Civil Rights Movement.C. Vann Woodwards The Strange Career of Jim Crow looks into the emergence of the Jim Crow laws beginning with the R econstruction era and following through the Civil Rights Movement. Woodward contends that Jim Crow laws were not a part of the Reconstruction or the following years, and that most Jim Crow laws were in place in the North at that particular time. In the South, immediately after the end of slavery, most white southerners, especially the upper classes, were used to the presence and proximity of African Americans. House slaves were often treated well, almost like part of the family, or a favored pet, and many upper-class southern children were raised with the help of a mammy or black nursery- maid. The races often mixed in the demi- monde, and the cohabitation of white men and black women were far from uncommon, and some areas even had spe... ...howing the true race dealings throughout the south during that period. Jim Crow laws might not have been in effect and might have been though unnecessary by a circumstances of southerners, but it would be interesting to find out how many African Americans were lynched during the period before Jim Crow laws became prominent for offenses which would later be illegal chthonic Jim Crow. Just as Woodward quoted President Eisenhower as saying you cannot change peoples hearts merely by law(163), so the lack of Jim Crow legislation does not necessarily mean that some southerners wanted it and lived as though it existed.Works CitedWoodward, C. V. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York Oxford University Press, 2002. Works ConsultedC. Vann Woodward. 31 Oct. 2004. Wikipedia. 1 Nov. 2004 .

Ellisons Invisible Man: Invisibility, Vision, and Identity as Motifs E

Ralph Ellison incorporates many symbols into this novel, each providing a unique perspective on the narrative and supporting the themes of invisibility, vision and identity. These themes can many propagation generally symbolize the strength of the subconscious mind. In this novel I think that there are several visions that symbolize the bank clerks melt from reality, seeking comfort in memories of his childhood or times at the college, often occurring as he fades into his music. Ellison coincidences dreams and reality to redefine the surrealistic nature of the narrators experience and to showcase the differences between the realities of black life and the myth of the American dream. ?One thing I saw a lot of in this novel is people willfully looking past instead of confronting the truth. The narrator repeatedly states peoples inability to see what they dont motivation to see, their inability to see what their prejudice doesnt allow them to see, has pushed him into a life of eff ective invisibility. But prejudice against others is not the only kind of blindness in the book. Many characters also dont acknowledge truths about themselves or their communities, and this refusal is shown in the imagery of vision and invisibility. For example, the boys who fight in the battle royal get out blindfolds, symbolizing their powerlessness to recognize their corruption at the hands of the white men. The Founders statue at the college has empty eyes, signifying his failure to see the racist realities. blindness also afflicts Rev Homer A. Barbee, who romanticizes the Founder, and Brother Jack, who is missing an eye which he conceals by wearing a glass eye. The narrator himself experiences blindness, such as in chapter sixteen when he addresses the ... ...judices of others. He has followed the ideology of the college and the ideology of the Brotherhood without trusting or developing his own identity. Now, however, he has realized that his own identity, both in its flexib ility and authenticity, is the key to freedom. Rinehart, a master of many identities, first suggests to the narrator the limitless capacity for variation within oneself. However, Rinehart ultimately proves an unsatisfactory model for the narrator because Rineharts life lacks authenticity. The meaning of the narrators assertion that he is an invisible man has changed slightly since he made the same claim at the beginning of the novel whereas at the outset he means to knell attention to the fact that others cannot not see him, he now means to call attention to the fact that his identity, his inner self, is real, even if others cannot see it.